2022年大二上学期英语期中考阅读题

New school hackers have invented a set of new crimes for the digital age and law enforcement has been slow to respond. One of the primary problems of identifying hackers' crimes is that they happen for the most part in a virtual space, a space which the law itself has troubling understanding. As a result, when hackers are arrested and charged with crimes, they rarely find themselves charged with violating newer laws specifically designed to combat cybercrime. Instead, hackers are most frequently hit with serious charges of conventional fraud.

黑客为数字时代发明了一系列新的犯罪行为，而执法部门却反应迟缓。识别黑客犯罪的主要问题之一是，他们大多发生在虚拟空间中，而法律本身对虚拟空间的理解就令人不安。因此，当黑客被逮捕并被指控犯罪时，他们很少发现自己被指控违反了专门为打击网络犯罪而制定的新法律。相反，黑客最常受到传统欺诈的严重指控。

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Even as the law had difficulty dealing with them, hackers are continually inventing new ways to break the law. These crimes, often categorized as fraud, fall into three categories: social engineering, getting root and hacktivism.

即使法律难以对付他们，黑客们仍在不断发明新的方法来违反法律。这些犯罪通常被归类为欺诈，分为三类:社会工程、获取根权限和黑客主义。

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Social engineering, as hackers refer to it, is the process of obtaining information through interactin with people, often posing as a helpless neophyte or computer expert. The idea behind social engineerin is that hackers can gain knowledge and learn secrets by taking advantage of social relationships of tru and by exploiting a common discomfort that many people feel with technology. A common socia engineering trick, for example, is to pose as a computer security expert, telling an unsuspecting user tha their computer account is in jeopardy. In order to "test" the account, the hacker will ask the user for hi or her account information and password. The result is that by posing as someone with expertise c power, hackers can gain incredible amounts of information simply by asking for it.

黑客们所称的“社会工程”是通过与人互动来获取信息的过程，通常他们会伪装成无助的新手或计算机专家。“社会工程”背后的理念是，黑客可以利用真实的社会关系，并利用许多人对技术的普遍不适来获取知识和学习秘密。例如，一个常见的社会工程技巧是假装成计算机安全专家，告诉一个毫无戒心的用户，他们的计算机帐户处于危险之中。为了“测试”账号，黑客会询问用户的账号信息和密码。结果是，黑客伪装成拥有专业知识和能力的人，只需提出要求，就能获得数量惊人的信息。

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Once the hacker is inside, the goal of hacking changes. On every system there is a privileged account, usually referred to as the root account. This account gives the hackers complete control over the system, the ability to read and alter files and even to shut down the system should he or she choose to do so. Apart from exercising a degree of control over the system, root access allows the hackers to do something else - cover his or her tracks. Doing so greatly reduces the risk of getting caught and allows the hacker to continue his or her explorations from a new starting point, so even if they are traced back to their point of origin, there is still a buffer between the hacker and the place from which they are hacking.

一旦黑客进入内部，黑客的目标就改变了。在每个系统上都有一个特权帐户，通常称为根帐户。这个帐户让黑客完全控制系统，能够读取和修改文件，甚至关闭系统，如果他或她选择这样做。除了对系统进行一定程度的控制之外，根权限还允许黑客做其他事情——掩盖他或她的踪迹。这样做大大降低了被抓的风险，并允许黑客从一个新的起点继续他或她的探索，所以即使他们被追踪到他们的起源点，黑客和他们进行黑客攻击的地方之间仍然有一个缓冲区。

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Apart from exploration, there has been a new set of activities which hackers have taken up under the banner of hacktivism. Hacktivism is the idea that computer hacking can be applied to activist goals and produce social and political change in the world. Often done as a form of protest, hackers frequently break into computer web servers and rearrange web pages to display social or political messages. Those messages have ranged in scope from attacks on a furrier's website where the page was replaced with an anti-fur message and images of animals in traps, to defacement of political party web pages in the uK, to calls for the liberation of East Timor.

除了探索之外，黑客还在黑客行动主义的旗帜下开展了一系列新的活动。黑客行动主义是指电脑黑客可以被用于实现激进分子的目标，并在世界上产生社会和政治变革。通常是作为一种抗议形式，黑客经常侵入计算机网络服务器，重新排列网页以显示社会或政治信息。这些信息的范围很广，从攻击一家皮货商的网站，将页面换成反皮货信息和动物落入陷阱的图片，到污损英国政党网页，再到呼吁解放东帝汶。